Evidence Record

Summary and claim

The selected writers span English/Igbo relations, Spanish, Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, and Palestinian Arabic contexts. English editions can support high-level comparisons of narrative architecture and themes, but claims about syntax, rhythm, diction, register, names, or cultural semantics depend on translator and edition.

Provenance and limitations

Reference bibliographies and publisher/author records were checked for major works. This record derives a methodological boundary; it is not reception evidence and does not compare original-language passages.

Counterevidence

Achebe wrote primarily in English and Tagore translated/reworked some of his own work, but even these cases involve multilingual literary systems and should not be treated as translation-free.